Boustras, Georgios

Micro and small enterprises (MSEs) constitute the cornerstone of the economy in each country, especially in the European Union, where they are perceived as main components for economic development, innovation, employment and social integration. Effective management of occupational safety and health (OSH) in MSEs’ working environment contributes in sustaining corporate longevity and protects workers’ well-being and productivity. This may become essential, especially for economies that are struggling to recover from economic recession. One essential aspect of OSH involves the identification and management of psychosocial risks. EU-OSHA (2010) has launched two significant surveys related to psychosocial risks; named ESENER 1 and ESENER 2. Since micro-enterprises (employing 1–5 employees) were not included in ESENER 2 (EU-OSHA, 2015), an important part of the picture has been left unattended on a European level. This paper aims to address this gap by focussing on the case of Cyprus, since insufficient amount of micro enterprises from Cyprus participated in ESENER 2. A survey utilising ESENER-2 questions was adapted for exploring micro-enterprises’ employees’ perceptions and awareness about psychosocial risks and their management in the work setting. The main differences and some similarities that were spotted between the results of this study and ESENER-2 results regarding Cyprus are highlighted. The differences indicate that the size of the business and the peculiarities of the Cypriot context impact on the perception and management of psychosocial risks. Further research is required in the field of microenterprises that employ from 1 to 5 people, on an EU and international level with a special focus on psychosocial risk issues in micro-enterprises at the service sector and family businesses.

During the last decades, humanity experiences an increasing demographic change. The relative percentage of older people is growing, while fewer young employees are entering the labour force. This phenomenon is directly connected with ageing of the workforce. Older workers constitute a special group with characteristics that require special attention from the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) point of view. The aim of this paper is to address what changes occur in ageing workers as a result of physical and psychological processes and the possible impacts of these at work in relation to OHS and the concept of sustainable work and workplaces. In addition, this paper discusses factors affecting work ability and worker's performance in relation to the ageing phenomenon. Finally, based on the literature, the paper proposes measures to minimize age-related risks and increase awareness. These measures should be designed and adopted at the early stages of working life and continue until retirement. By reducing risk factors of employees, the rate of occupational accidents and occupational diseases may be decreased, thus saving costs for employers, health system and insurance costs, while simultaneously facilitating a healthier retirement for the working-age population.

During the last few years new forms of employment have been developed. Part-time employment and employment in rotating periods are on a rise especially in cases of economic slowdown and high unemployment rates, as part of the what is called precarious work. For the case of Greece, that was recently hit by resection and a number fiscal consolidation programs, the number of occupational accidents increased despite high unemployment rates. This paper attempts to investigate the effects that those new flexible employment forms may have on occupational safety and health for cases that when they are forced and violently introduced into the labour market. Analysis of data revealed that the rate of occupational accidents for the case of Greece did not follow the respective reduction of GDP but instead increased according to the significant increase of part-time and work in rotating periods contracts. Both organizational and social factors, such as lack of training, ineffective safety management systems, psychosocial factors and loose community properties that weakens collective bargaining could contribute to that.

The current financial crisis has imposed significant pressure upon the labour market and working conditions while, at the same time, Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) is challenged. Crucial organizational functions such as training, new work equipment purchasing and innovation are mainly affected. Literature suggests a positive correlation between a country's GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and accidents’ rate with a respective phase shift (time lag) representing the required time needed for adaptation. This paper presents a new model, based on a qualitative approach. This paper proposes a new model according to which OSH is defined by eight (8) determinants which are interacting, adapting and defining OSH's level, flexibility and strength against pressure posed by external factors like recession. In effect, this model acts as an opposing force to any pressure posed on OSH. Steady state is defined by the net's density, strength and OSH's centrality while the key for stability is National Labour Inspectorate's (NLI) position and relation with each of the stakeholders. That can be achieved either by regulatory surveillance and strong enforcement or by raising general public awareness, taking advantage of the social amplification/attenuation theories regarding risk. An additional model of risk communication across the OSH leveling determinants is proposed. The proposed models are evaluated by the use of the Greek paradigm.