Tsioutis, Constantinos

Recent European-wide data place Cyprus and Greece in the highest positions of total antimicrobial consumption. While this level of consumption might be partly attributed to the high rates of infections due to MDR bacteria in these countries, several other reasons should be sought to help apply local measures, to decrease inappropriate and excess antimicrobial use. The present viewpoint aims to provide a roadmap for interventions, by briefly discussing the various factors that underlie antimicrobial use and prescribing practices in Greece and Cyprus.

Tuberculosis (TB) can manifest prolonged fever or fever of unknown origin, especially when it is located extrapulmonary. We report a case of disseminated TB complicated by iliac bone osteolysis and a gluteal abscess in a 75-year-old female patient with fever and bone marrow dysplasia. Diagnosis of TB was made despite transient false-positive high-titer agglutination tests and ELISA antibodies to Brucella. The case presented shows that in a highly suggestive case of TB, positive agglutination tests or ELISA antibodies to Brucella should be interpreted with caution, and repeated testing should be performed to assess their persistence and fluctuation over time.

Background: Data are limited regarding the clinical effectiveness and safety of intravenous colistin for treatment of infections due to MDR Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) in paediatric ICUs (PICUs). Methods: Systematic review of intravenous colistin use in critically ill paediatric patients with MDR-GNB infection in PubMed, Scopus and EMBASE (up to 31 January 2018). Results: Out of 1181 citations, 7 studies were included on the use of intravenous colistin for 405 patients in PICUs. The majority of patients were diagnosed with lower respiratory tract infections, Acinetobacter baumannii being the predominant pathogen. Colistin dosages ranged between 2.6 and 18 mg/kg/day, with only one case reporting a loading dose. Emergence of colistin resistance during treatment was reported in two cases. Nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity were reported in 6.1% and 0.5%, respectively, but concomitant medications and severe underlying illness limited our ability to definitively associate use of colistin with nephrotoxicity. Crude mortality was 29.5% (95% CI=21.7%-38.1%), whereas infection-related mortality was 16.6% (95% CI=12.2%-21.5%). Conclusions: While the reported incidence of adverse events related to colistin was low, reported mortality rates for infections due to MDR-GNB in PICUs were notable. In addition to severity of disease and comorbidities, inadequate daily dosage and the absence of a loading dose may have contributed to mortality. As the use of colistin for treatment of MDR-GNB infections increases, it is imperative to understand whether optimal dosing of colistin in paediatric patients differs across different age groups. Thus, future studies to establish the pharmacokinetic properties of colistin in different paediatric settings are warranted.