Efstathiou, Andreas

The ISOPHOT Serendipity Survey utilizes the slew time between ISO's pointed observations with strip scanning measurements of the sky in the far-IR at 170 micrometers. The slews contain information about two fundamentally different types of objects, namely unresolved galactic and extragalactic far-IR sources as well as extended regions of galactic cirrus emission. Since the structure of the obtained data is almost unique, the development of dedicated software to extract astrophysically interesting parameters for the crossed sources is mandatory. Data analysis is currently in its early stages and concentrates on the detection of point sources. First results from an investigation of a high galactic latitude field near the North Galactic Pole indicate that the detection completeness with respect to previously known IRAS sources will be almost 100 percent for sources with f(subscript 100micrometers > 2 Jy, dropping below approximately equals 50 percent for f(subscript 100micrometers < 1.5 Jy. Nevertheless, even faint sources down to a level of f(subscript 170micrometers approximately equals 1 Jy can be detected. Since the majority of the detected point sources are galaxies, the Serendipity Survey will result in a large database of approximately equals 2000 galaxies.

The first set of compact sources observed in the ISOPHOT 170 μm Serendipity Survey is presented. From the slew data with low (I100μm ≤ 15 MJy/sr) cirrus background, 115 well-observed sources with a high signal-to-noise ratio in all detector pixels having a galaxy association were extracted. Of the galaxies with known optical morphologies, the vast majority are classified as spirals, barred spirals, or irregulars. The 170 μm fluxes measured from the Serendipity slews have been put on an absolute flux level by using calibration sources observed additionally with the photometric mapping mode of ISOPHOT. For all but a few galaxies, the 170 μm fluxes are determined for the first time, which represents a significant increase in the number of galaxies with measured Far-Infrared (FIR) fluxes beyond the IRAS 100 μm limit. The 170 μm fluxes cover the range 2 ≲ F170μm ≲ 100 Jy. Formulae for the integrated FIR fluxes F40-220μm and the total infrared fluxes F1-1000/μm incorporating the new 170 μm fluxes are provided. The large fraction of sources with a high F170μm/F100μm flux ratio indicates that a cold (T/Dust ≲ 20 K) dust component is present in many galaxies. The detection of such a cold dust component is crucial for the determination of the total dust mass in galaxies, and, in cases with a large F170μm/F100μm flux ratio, increases the dust mass by a significant factor. The typical mass of the coldest dust component is MDust = 107.5 ±0.5 M⊙, a factor 2-10 larger than that derived from IRAS fluxes alone. As a consequence, the majority of the derived gas-to-dust ratios are much closer to the canonical value of ≈ 160 for the Milky Way. By relaxing the selection cri-teria, it is expected that the Serendipity Survey will eventually lead to a catalog of 170 μm fluxes for ≈ 1000 galaxies.

The ISOPHOT Serendipity Survey utilized the slew time between ISO's pointed observations with strip scanning measurements of the sky in the far-infrared (FIR) at 170μm. The integral 170μm fluxes for compact sources derived from the slews are put on an absolute flux level by using a number of galaxies as calibrator sources observed with ISOPHOT's photometric mapping mode, supplemented by Serendipity Survey observations of two planets and two asteroids with available model fluxes. A first group of 115 well-observed sources with a high signal-to-noise ratio in all four detector pixels having a galaxy association were extracted from the slew data with low (I100μm ≤ 15 MJy/sr) cirrus background. For all but a few galaxies, the 170μm fluxes are determined for the first time, which represents a significant increase in the number of galaxies with measured FIR fluxes beyond the IRAS 100μm limit. The large fraction of sources with a high F170μm/F100μm flux ratio indicates that a very cold (T < 20 K) dust component is present in many galaxies. The typical mass of the coldest dust component is MDust = 107.5 ± 0.5 M⊙, a factor 2 - 10 larger than that derived from IRAS fluxes alone. As a consequence, the gas-to-dust ratios are much closer to the canonical value for the Milky Way. A similar Serendipity Survey with FIRST has the prospects of delivering FIR data with a much higher angular resolution (PACS) or at longer wavelengths (SPIRE) than ISOPHOT, thereby providing either crucial information for the identification of compact sources in confused regions or extending the spectral coverage for a large number of sources and finding rare classes of very cold FIR emitters.

The European Large Area ISO Survey (ELAIS) was the largest single Open Time project conducted by ISO, mapping an area of 12 square degrees at 15 μm with ISOCAM and at 90μ with ISOPHOT. We first present the data analysis of the 90 μm survey. We show comparisons with model prediction for standard stars and with COBE/DIRBE for surface brightnesses of individual ELAIS fields and with the IRAS FSC catalog for 35 sources in common. The large number of rasters necessary to cover the wide ELAIS areas allows to compute a relative uncertainty for the calibration based on the PCS of typically 7%. From the comparison with standard stars model predictions, the absolute calibration is shown to be better than 15%. The survey is 1.5 order of magnitude deeper than the IRAS 100μm survey and is expected to provide constraints on the formation and evolution of galaxies. Finally, we present 90 μm number counts from a reliable subset of the detected sources. ELAIS number counts are compared to the evolutionary models of Guiderdoni (1998) and Rowan-Robinson (2001).

The ISOPHOT Serendipity Survey fills the otherwise unused slew time between ISO's fine pointings with measurements in an unexplored wavelength regime near 200 μm. In order to test point source extraction software, the completeness of the detected objects as well as the astrophysical content we investigate a 100□° field near the North ecliptic pole, dubbed ISOPHOT Serendipity Minisurvey field. A total of 21 IRAS point sources were detected on the Serendipity slews crossing the field. 19 of these objects are galaxies, one is a planetary nebula and one is an empty field without a bright optical counterpart. The detection completeness is better than 90% for IRAS sources brighter than 2 Jy at 100 μm. and better than 80% for sources brighter than 1.5 Jy. The source detection frequency is about 1 per 40° slew length, in agreement with previous estimations based on galaxy number counts. After the end of the ISO mission, about 4000 point sources are expected to be found in the Serendipity slews.