Research challenges in future laboratory-based STEM education

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Education is strongly supported by laboratory experiments, which constitute a significant educational tool to promote better understanding among students. Virtual and Remote Labs have become an interesting field of study during the past two decades. Several studies have been devoted to the different types of labs arising with the evolution of technology and their efficacy within all educational levels. In this conceptual paper, some current trends are identified after a brief overview of the state-of-the-art concerning laboratory experiments within secondary/higher education and lifelong learning. Moreover, challenges are discussed and potential future areas of research are identified. The overarching aim of these research areas is to assess the usefulness, effectiveness, acceptability, adaptability, social impact and cost of the described types of laboratories to fulfill the high standards required for a career in a STEM related profession.